- Covid-era Paycheck Protection Program fraud may have contributed to home price inflation in certain U.S. markets, research suggests.
- “Fraud on this scale is enormously costly,” said Sam Kruger, co-author and assistant professor of finance at the University of Texas at Austin.
PPP loan fraud affected home prices
U.S. home prices rose by 24% between November 2019 and November 2021, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, driven by factors such as shifting demand and regional moves.
However, government aid may have also contributed to that growth, including higher rates of fraudulent PPP loans in certain areas, according to the new research.
This is a very specific type of stimulus that injected cash into certain areas, and it seems to have played a pretty significant role.Sam KrugerAssistant professor of finance at the University of Texas at Austin
The paper found that certain markets had elevated rates of PPP loan fraud, and individuals who received fraudulent loans were more likely to have purchased property.
“This is a very specific type of stimulus that injected cash into certain areas, and it seems to have played a pretty significant role,” Kruger said.
ZIP codes with “high suspicious lending per capita” had home price growth that was 5.7% higher than ZIP codes in the same county with lower levels of fraud, the paper found. “This effect is large relative to other proposed factors explaining house price growth during the Covid period,” the authors wrote.
The findings were consistent after weighing factors such as land supply, previous home price growth, remote work access, population density, net migration, proximity to the central business district and prior rates of remote work.
“It’s not just that you’re stealing money from the government,” Kruger said. “There are potential distortions and spillover effects that are affecting other people in the community.”
