Evelyn Reynolds

Immigrant workers made up 18.6% of the workforce last year, a new record, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data.
Many of those workers are taking open positions in agriculture, technology and health care, fields where labor supply has been a challenge.
The government predicts that the influx of immigrant workers will grow gross domestic product over the next decade by $7 trillion.

The strong jobs market has been bolstered post-pandemic by strength in the immigrant workforce in America. And as Americans age out of the labor force and birth rates remain low, economists and the Federal Reserve are touting the importance of immigrant workers for overall future economic growth.
Immigrant workers made up 18.6% of the workforce last year, a new record, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data. Workers are taking open positions in agriculture, technology and health care, fields where labor supply has been a challenge for those looking to hire.

Despite the U.S. adding fewer-than-expected jobs in April, the labor force participation rate for foreign-born workers ticked up slightly, to 66%.
“We don’t have enough workers participating in the labor force and our birth rate has dropped down 2% last year from 2022 to 2023. … These folks are not taking jobs. They are helping to bolster and helping us build back — they’re adding needed workers to the labor force,” said Jennie Murray, CEO of the National Immigration Forum, a nonpartisan nonprofit advocacy organization. 
The influx of immigrant workers is also a projected boost to U.S. output, and is expected to grow gross domestic product over the next decade by $7 trillion, Congressional Budget Office Director Phillip Swagel noted in a February statement accompanying the 2024-2034 CBO outlook.
“The labor force in 2033 is larger by 5.2 million people, mostly because of higher net immigration. As a result of those changes in the labor force, we estimate that, from 2023 to 2034, GDP will be greater by about $7 trillion and revenues will be greater by about $1 trillion than they would have been otherwise. We are continuing to assess the implications of immigration for revenues and spending,” Swagel wrote.

‘Huge competition’

Goodwin Living, a nonprofit faith-based elder-care facility in Northern Virginia that cares for 2,500 adults day to day, is heavily reliant on immigrant workers. Some 40% of its 1,200 workers are foreign-born, representing 65 countries, according to CEO Rob Liebreich, and more workers will be needed to fill increasing gaps as Americans age and need assistance. 

“About 70% of 65-year-olds are expected to need long-term care in the future. We need a lot of hands to support those needs,” Liebreich told CNBC. “Right now, one of the best ways that we see to find that is through people coming from other countries, our global talent, and there’s a huge competition for them.”
In 2018, Goodwin launched a citizenship program, which provides financial resources, mentorship and tutoring for workers looking to obtain U.S. citizenship. So far, 160 workers and 25 of their family members have either obtained citizenship or are in the process of doing so through Goodwin. 
Wilner Vialer, 35, began working at Goodwin four years ago and serves as an environmental services team lead, setting up and cleaning rooms. Vialer, who came to the U.S. 13 years ago from Haiti, lost his job during the pandemic and was given an opportunity at Goodwin because his mother had been employed at the facility.
He applied for U.S. citizenship before getting his current job, but after he worked there for six months, the Goodwin Living Foundation covered his application fee of $725, the nonprofit said. Vialer became a U.S. citizen in 2021, and his 15-year-old daughter received a citizenship grant and became a U.S. citizen in 2023.
Vialer’s hope is to have his wife join the family from Haiti, as they have been separated for six years.  
“This program is a good opportunity,” Vialer said. “They help me, I have a family back home. … This job really [does] support me when I get my paycheck to help them back home.”
Workers are not required to stay with Goodwin after becoming U.S. citizens, but those who do stay are there 20% longer than those who do not participate in the program, Liebreich said. Speeding up the path to citizenship is key to remaining competitive in a global economy, he added.
“If we want to attract and retain this global workforce, which we desperately need, we need to make the process a lot easier,” Liebreich said.
Looking ahead to November, immigration will be a hot topic on the presidential campaign trail and for voters. Both President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump have made trips to the southern border in recent months to address the large number of migrants entering the country. More

Employers added 175,000 jobs in April, a milder pace than in the winter months, though layoffs have remained low and most sectors appear stable.The American job market may be shifting into a lower gear this spring, a turn that economists have expected for months after a vigorous rebound from the pandemic shock.Employers added 175,000 positions in April, the Labor Department reported Friday, undershooting forecasts. The unemployment rate ticked up to 3.9 percent.A less torrid expansion after the 242,000-job average over the prior 12 months isn’t necessarily bad news, given that layoffs have remained low and most sectors appear stable.“It’s not a bad economy; it’s still a healthy economy,” said Perc Pineda, chief economist at the Plastics Industry Association. “I think it’s part of the cycle. We cannot continue robust growth indefinitely considering the limits of our economy.”The labor market has defied projections of a considerable slowdown for over a year in the face of a rapid escalation in borrowing costs, a minor banking crisis and two major wars. But economic growth declined markedly in the first quarter, suggesting that the exuberance of the last two years might be settling into a more sustainable rhythm.Year-over-year percentage change in earnings vs. inflation More

The unemployment rate fell for both male and female Black Americans in April, going against the broader trend.
The overall unemployment rate rose to 3.9% in April from 3.8%, and the other racial demographics all saw their unemployment rates increase.
The labor force participation rate among Black Americans also slipped.

A networking and hiring event for professionals of color in Minneapolis.
Michael Siluk | Getty Images

The unemployment rate for Black Americans fell in April, bucking the overall trend, according to data released Friday by the Department of Labor.
Black Americans remain the racial group with the highest jobless percentage in the U.S., even after the group’s unemployment rate dipped to 5.6% last month from 6.4% in March. Still, that’s notable compared with the overall unemployment rate — which rose to 3.9% in April from 3.8% — and to the other racial demographics, which all saw their unemployment rates increase last month.

White Americans saw their unemployment rate edge fractionally higher to 3.5% from 3.4%. The jobless rate for Asian and Hispanic workers, respectively, rose to 2.8% from 2.5%, and to 4.8% from 4.5%.

But the unemployment rate for Black Americans has been noticeably volatile, rising to 6.4% in March from 5.6% in February.
“Luckily, for many reasons, that came down. I think that speaks to last month really just being a statistical blip that happens because of small sample sizes, and having that come down now for April is very promising,” said Elise Gould, senior economist at the Economic Policy Institute. “And you’re seeing that happen for Black men and Black women alike.”
Gould added that she’s still keeping a close eye on the unemployment rate for Black Americans, which rose four months in a row prior to April. It’s a key indicator — or the canary in the coal mine — to watch, since historically marginalized groups often feel the effects of a soft labor market first, she said.

Among Black workers, the labor force participation rate crept lower, to 63.2% from 63.6%.

Meanwhile, the overall labor force participation rate held steady at 62.7%. The metric rose to 64.7% from 64.1% for Asian Americans, and climbed to 67.3% from 66.8% for Hispanic workers.
Gould pointed out another positive trend: that the employment rate ticked higher in April for “prime age workers,” or those from ages 25 to 54.
— CNBC’s Gabriel Cortes contributed to this report.

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The U.S. economy added fewer jobs than expected in April while the unemployment rate rose, reversing a trend of robust job growth that had kept the Federal Reserve cautious as it looks for signals on when it can start cutting interest rates.
Nonfarm payrolls increased by 175,000 on the month, below the 240,000 estimate from the Dow Jones consensus, the Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported Friday. The unemployment rate ticked higher to 3.9% against expectations it would hold steady at 3.8%.

Average hourly earnings rose 0.2% from the previous month and 3.9% from a year ago, both below consensus estimates and an encouraging sign for inflation.
The jobless rate tied for the highest level since January 2022. A more encompassing rate that includes discouraged workers and those holding part-time jobs for economic reasons also edged up, to 7.4%, its highest level since November 2021. The labor force participation rate, or those actively looking for work, was unchanged at 62.7%.
Wall Street already had been poised for a higher open, and futures tied to major stock market averages added to gains following the report. Treasury yields tumbled after being little changed prior to the release. The report raised the prospect of a “Goldilocks” climate where growth continues but not at such a rapid pace to force the Fed to tighten policy further.
“With this report, the porridge was just about right,” said Dan North, senior economist at Allianz Trade. “What would you like at this point the cycle? We’ve had interest rates jacked up pretty high, so you would expect to see the labor market slow down a little. But we’re still at pretty high levels.”

Consistent with recent trends, health care led job creation, with a 56,000 increase.

Other sectors showing significant increases included social assistance (31,000), transportation and warehousing (22,000) and retail (20,000). Construction added 9,000 positions while government, which had shown solid gains in recent months, was up just 8,000 after averaging 55,000 over the previous 12 months.
Revisions to previous months took the March gain to 315,000, or 12,000 from the initial estimate, and February to 236,000, a decline of 34,000.
Household employment, which is used to calculate the unemployment rate, increased by just 25,000 on the month. Workers holding full-time jobs soared by 949,000 on the month, while those hold part-time jobs slumped by 914,000.
The report comes two days after the Fed again voted to hold borrowing costs steady, keeping its benchmark overnight borrowing rate in a targeted range between 5.25%-5.5%, the highest in more than 20 years.
Following the decision, Chair Jerome Powell characterized the jobs market as “strong” but noted that inflation is “too high” and this year’s economic data have indicated “a lack of further progress” in getting inflation back to the Fed’s 2% target.
“This is the jobs report the Fed would have scripted,” said Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management. “The first downside payrolls surprise in several months, as well as the dip in average hourly earnings growth, will bring the rate cutting dialogue back into the market and perhaps explains why Powell was able to be dovish on Wednesday.”
Though inflation has come well off its highs in mid-2022, it is still considerably above the central bank’s comfort zone. Most reports this year have shown inflation around 3% annually; the Fed’s own preferred measure, the core personal consumption expenditures price index, most recently was at 2.8%.
Higher prices have been putting upward pressure on wages, part of an inflation picture that has kept the Fed on the sidelines despite widespread market expectations that the central bank would be cutting interest rates aggressively this year.

Most Fed officials in fact had been mentioning the likelihood of reductions in their public comments. However, Powell at his post-meeting news conference Wednesday made no mention of the likelihood that rates would be lowered at some point this year, as he had in the past.
In turn, markets have pushed out pricing of the first cut until September, with no more than two quarter-percentage-point reductions by the end of the year seen as likely, according to the CME Group’s measure of futures pricing.
This is breaking news. Please check back here for updates. More

Turkey’s inflation accelerated to 69.8% annually for the month of April, the Turkish Statistical Institute reported Friday.
On a monthly basis, Turkey’s consumer prices increased 3.18%, led by price rises in alcoholic beverages and tobacco, and hotels, cafes and restaurants.
While an eye-watering figure, April’s CPI read was actually a smaller jump than many analysts had expected. But any hopes of interest rate cuts are a long way off, economists said.

A Turkish national flag, left, and a flag bearing the portrait of Kemal Ataturk, founder of the modern Turkish republic, hang from the exterior of a building in the Sisli district of Istanbul, Turkey, on Monday, Aug. 29, 2022.
Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Turkey’s inflation accelerated to 69.8% annually for the month of April, the Turkish Statistical Institute reported Friday.
The highest consumer price increases year-on-year were in education, with a 103.86% jump, and hotels, cafes and restaurants, with an increase of 95.82%.

On a monthly basis, Turkey’s inflation increased 3.18%, led by price rises in alcoholic beverages and tobacco, and hotels, cafes and restaurants.
April’s inflation rate marks the highest annual increase since November 2022, when inflation was around 85%.
While an eye-watering figure, April’s nearly-70% CPI read was actually a smaller jump than many analysts had expected. But any hopes of interest rate cuts are a long way off, economists said.
Turkey’s central bank has hiked its key interest rate to 50%, citing the continuing need to counter climbing inflation in the country. The bank said in March that “tight monetary stance will be maintained until a significant and sustained decline in the underlying trend of monthly inflation is observed.”
“The slightly smaller-than-expected rise in Turkish inflation in April to 69.8% y/y (consensus 70.3%) offers encouraging signs that price pressures have softened again,” Liam Peach, senior emerging markets economist at London-based Capital Economics, wrote in a note Friday.
“We think that inflation will fall in the second half of this year, but we are not quite as optimistic on the pace of disinflation … Against this backdrop, we still don’t expect the central bank to shift to cuts until next year.” More

Nonfarm payrolls are expected to show a gain of 240,000 for the month, according to the Dow Jones consensus that also sees the unemployment rate holding steady at 3.8%.
The labor market has been full of surprises this year, topping Wall Street estimates at a time when many economists expected hiring to have slowed down.
Markets also will be closely watching the wage numbers.

A jobseeker takes a flyer at a job fair at Brunswick Community College in Bolivia, North Carolina, on April 11, 2024.
Allison Joyce | Bloomberg | Getty Images

Hiring likely continued at a brisk pace in April as investors look for any cracks in the labor market that could sway the Federal Reserve.
Nonfarm payrolls are expected to show a gain of 240,000 for the month, according to the Dow Jones consensus that also sees the unemployment rate holding steady at 3.8%.

If that top-line number is accurate, it actually would reflect a small step back from the average 276,000 jobs a month created so far in 2024. In addition, such growth could add to the Fed’s reluctance to lower interest rates, with the labor market humming along and inflation still above the central bank’s 2% target.
“There are definitely still tailwinds left,” said Amy Glaser, senior vice president of business operations at job staffing site Adecco. “For April, the name of the game is steady-Eddie as resiliency continues, and then we’re looking forward to some of the seasonal trends we would expect going into the summer.”
April’s jobs market featured more strength in health care and leisure and hospitality, Glaser added. Those have been two of the major sectors for employment growth this year, with health care adding about 240,000 jobs so far and leisure and hospitality contributing 89,000 jobs.

However, growth in the coming months could spread to areas such as education, manufacturing and warehousing, part of the usual seasonal trends as educators look for alternative employment in the summer and students head out seeking jobs, she said.
“I don’t expect to see major surprises this month based on what I’m seeing on the ground,” Glaser said. “But we’ve been surprised before.”

Beating expectations

Indeed, the labor market has been full of surprises this year, topping Wall Street estimates at a time when many economists expected hiring to have slowed down. The 303,000 gain in March shattered forecasts and were part of a glut of data showing that the labor economy remains strong, wages continue to rise and inflation has not moved much after receding sharply in 2023.
That has pushed the Fed into a box as officials are reluctant to start cutting interest rates until they get more convincing evidence that inflation is under control.
Policymakers will be watching several pieces in tomorrow’s report for evidence that job growth is not helping fuel price pressures.

If the payrolls growth misses expectations by a little and wage pressures diminish while more people enter the labor force, that would be an ideal scenario for the Fed, said Drew Matus, chief market strategist at MetLife Investment Management.
“The Goldilocks scenario is an unemployment rate rise with a participation rate rise,” Matus said. “What that’s suggesting is there’s a little bit of weakness that should translate into less wage pressure and take some of the concerns about sustained sticky high levels of inflation off the table.”

Investors on the lookout

Markets also will be watching the wage numbers closely.
Consensus estimates put average hourly earnings growth at 0.3% on the month, near the March move, and the yearly increase at 4%, or just below the 4.1% the month before. However, Matus said the wage numbers could be distorted by immigration patterns as well as California’s minimum wage increase this year to $16 an hour.

Fed Chair Jerome Powell said Wednesday that wage pressures have eased over the past year as the labor market has moved into better balance between supply and demand.
“Inflation has eased substantially over the past year, while the labor market has remained strong, and that’s very good news,” he said at his news conference after the central bank’s latest meeting. “But inflation is still too high.”
Markets have been in a state of flux as uncertainty over the Fed’s rate path has grown, though Wall Street was in rally mode Thursday, the day before the Bureau of Labor Statistics report drops at 8:30 a.m. ET.
“What you’re seeing in markets reflects the uncertainty around the path forward. What’s going to be more important to the Fed, unemployment or inflation?” Matus said. “If unemployment starts moving higher, is the Fed going to care as much about inflation as they do today? Or vice versa? And I don’t think even with all the information the Fed’s given us, that we know. I don’t think anyone knows and I think that’s why you’re seeing the market behave the way it is.”

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Fed officials are watching labor trends as they contemplate when to cut rates. But different measures are telling different stories.The Federal Reserve spent much of 2022 and 2023 narrowly focusing on inflation as policymakers set interest rates: Prices were rising way too fast, so they became the central bank’s top priority. But now that inflation has cooled, officials are more clearly factoring the job market into their decisions again.One potential challenge? It’s a very difficult moment to assess exactly what monthly labor market data are telling us.Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, said during a news conference on Wednesday that the way the job market shaped up in coming months could help to guide whether and when the central bank lowered interest rates this year. A substantial weakening could prod policymakers to cut, he suggested. If job growth remains rapid and inflation remains stuck, on the other hand, the combination could keep the Fed from lowering interest rates anytime soon.But it is tough to guess which of those scenarios may play out — and it is trickier than usual to determine how hot today’s job market is, especially in real time. Fed officials will get their latest reading on Friday morning, when the Labor Department releases its April employment report.Hiring has been rapid in recent months. That would typically make economists nervous that the economy was on the cusp of overheating: Businesses would risk competing for the same workers, pushing up wages in a way that could eventually drive up prices.But this hiring boom is different. It has come as a wave of immigrants and workers coming in from the labor market’s sidelines have helped to notably increase the supply of applicants. That has allowed companies to hire without depleting the labor pool.Yet the jump in available workers has also meant that a primary measure that economists use in assessing the job market’s strength — payroll gains — is no longer providing a clear signal. That leaves economists turning to other indicators to evaluate the strength of the job market and to forecast its forward momentum. And those measures are delivering different messages.Wage growth is still very strong by some gauges, but it seems to be cooling by others. Job openings have been coming down, the unemployment rate has ticked up recently (particularly for Black workers) and hiring expectations in business surveys have wobbled.The takeaway is that this seems to be a strong job market, but exactly how strong is hard to know. It is even harder to guess how much oomph will remain in the months to come. If job gains were to slow, would that be a sign that the economy was beginning to buckle, or just evidence that employers had finally sated their demand for new hires? If job gains were to stay strong, would that be a sign that things were overheating, or evidence that labor supply was still expanding?“Through a pre-pandemic lens, the economy looks quite strong, maybe even hot,” said Ernie Tedeschi, a research scholar at Yale Law School who was, until this spring, a White House economic adviser. But given all of the gains to labor supply, “maybe we shouldn’t use a pre-pandemic lens for thinking about the economy right now,” he said.Friday’s report is expected to show that job gains remained rapid in April: Economists are forecasting a 240,000 person jump in payrolls, according to a Bloomberg survey.That would continue the trend over the past year. The economy added 247,000 jobs per month on average from March 2023 to March 2024. To put that in context, the economy had added 167,000 jobs a month in the year through March 2019, the spring before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic.The Fed’s policy committee voted this week to keep interest rates at 5.3 percent, where they have been set since July. Mr. Powell signaled that they are likely to stay at that relatively high level longer than previously expected, as officials await evidence that inflation is poised to cool further after months of stalled progress.But while the path ahead for price increases will be the main driver of policy, Mr. Powell said that “as inflation has come down, now to below 3 percent,” employment also “now comes back into focus.”For now, Fed officials have not been overly worried about rapid job gains. Mr. Powell noted on Wednesday that the economy had been able to grow more strongly in 2023 partly because the labor supply had expanded so much, both because of immigration and because more people were participating in the job market.“Remember what we saw last year: very strong growth, a really tight labor market and a historically fast decline in inflation,” Mr. Powell said. “I wouldn’t rule out that something like that can continue.”On the other hand, Mr. Powell hinted that Fed officials were keeping an eye on wage growth. He suggested repeatedly that strong wage increases alone would not be enough to drive the Fed’s decisions.But the Fed chair still signaled that recent wage gains were stronger than the Fed thought would be consistent with low and stable inflation over time. As companies pay more to attract workers, many economists think that they are likely to raise prices to cover climbing labor costs and protect profit margins.Pay gains remain strong by key measures. Data this week showed that a measure of wages and benefits that the Fed watches closely, called the Employment Cost Index, climbed more rapidly than expected at the start of 2024.“We don’t target wage increases, but in the longer run, if you have wage increases running higher than productivity would warrant, there will be inflationary pressures,” Mr. Powell said this week. When it comes to slowing down wage gains to a sustainable pace, “we have a ways to go on that.”Whether job gains and wage gains will remain so rapid is unclear.Bill Kasko, the president of a white-collar employment placement agency in Texas, said that while he continued to see strong demand for workers, he also noticed employers becoming pickier as the outlook for interest rates and the looming presidential election stoked uncertainty. They wanted to see more job candidates, and take longer to make decisions.“There’s still demand, it’s just not moving as quickly,” Mr. Kasko said.If employers start to pull back more concertedly, Mr. Powell made clear this week that a “meaningful” jump in joblessness could prod the central bank to lower rates.The upshot? It seems as if officials would be more alarmed by a marked job market slowdown than by strong continued payroll gains, especially when it is hard to tell whether robust hiring numbers signal that the labor market is hot or simply that it is changing.“There’s an asymmetry in how they view the labor market,” said Michael Feroli, the chief U.S. economist at J.P. Morgan.Ben Casselman More

The U.K.’s “sluggish” growth prospects have put it on course to be the worst-performing economy of all advanced nations next year, according to the OECD.
The downbeat prediction comes as the global economy shows signs of recovery, with growth forecast to remain steady at 3.1% in 2024 before rising modestly to 3.2% in 2025.
Alvaro Pereira, director of the OECD’s policy studies branch, told CNBC the forecasts indicated that central banks’ efforts to quell inflation were working.

People walk in the rain over London Bridge in central London. Picture date: Tuesday March 12, 2024.
Lucy North – Pa Images | Pa Images | Getty Images

The U.K.’s “sluggish” growth prospects have put it on course to be the worst-performing economy of all advanced nations next year, according to new forecasts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
U.K. gross domestic product is expected to grow 0.4% in 2024, the Paris-based think tank said Thursday in its latest global economic outlook. That figure is down from a previous prediction of 0.7% and less than all other G7 countries besides Germany, which is expected to be 0.2%.

The British economy is then forecast to expand by 1% in 2025, behind Canada, France, Germany, Japan and the U.S. as the lingering effects of high interest rates and inflation continue to weigh.
The downbeat prediction comes as the global economy shows signs of recovery, with growth forecast to remain steady at 3.1% in 2024 before rising modestly to 3.2% in 2025.
“We start seeing some recovery in many parts of the world,” Alvaro Pereira, director of the OECD’s policy studies branch, told CNBC’s Silvia Amaro Thursday.

Growth among advanced nations next year is set to be led by North America, which Pereira said follows “strong growth” forecasts of 2.6% in the U.S. in 2024. Growth in Europe, meanwhile, is expected to pick up next year after a sluggish 2024.
Among emerging economies, the OECD said there were also signs of strength. In China, where the economy has struggled in part due to a protracted downturn in the property market, growth projections were revised upward slightly from earlier forecasts, which Pereira said was due to “stronger performance than in the recent past.”

The OECD said the global outlook was an indication that central banks’ efforts to quell inflation were working.

“Monetary policy is doing what it should be doing,” Pereira said. “Real incomes are starting to recover. This will help consumption. We also think inflation is starting to come down.”
However, he added that questions remain over how robust the global recovery would be, particularly as central banks show signs of divergence on the future path of interest rates.
“The risk is obviously if inflation continues to be stickier than we expect, then obviously it’s possible that monetary policy will have to remain restrictive for a bit longer,” Pereira noted.
According to the OECD, headline inflation among its 38 member nations is expected to dip to 5% in 2024 from 6.9% in 2023, and then fall further to 3.4% in 2025. By the end of 2025, inflation is expected to return to targets of around 2% in most major economies, the OECD said.

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