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    Demand for Roth IRA conversions may increase — even without tax hikes from President-elect Donald Trump

    FA Playbook

    Some advisors increased Roth individual retirement account conversions for clients amid the threat of higher taxes after 2025.
    Now, individual income tax hikes seem less likely under President-elect Donald Trump and a possible Republican-controlled Congress.
    But demand for Roth conversions will continue as investors seek long-term tax planning strategies, experts said.

    dowell | Moment | Getty Images

    Before the election, some advisors increased Roth individual retirement account conversions for clients amid the threat of higher taxes after 2025.
    Now, tax hikes are less likely under President-elect Donald Trump. However, demand for Roth conversions will continue as investors seek long-term tax planning strategies, experts said.

    “In general, we see an uptick in Roth conversions at the end of the year and into the new year ahead of the tax filing deadline in April, and we expect to see these trends again in 2025,” said Rita Assaf, vice president of retirement offerings at Fidelity Investments.  

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    Here’s a look at other stories impacting the financial advisor business.

    Fidelity saw a 45% year-over-year increase in the volume of Roth conversions as of July, Assaf said.
    But while Roth conversions are on the rise, many investors are still learning about the strategy.
    “I think you are only going to see an increase in Roth IRA conversions,” said certified financial planner Byrke Sestok, a partner at Moneco Advisors in Harrison, New York. 
    “The percentage of people who know about the benefits of Roth IRA conversions is still low,” he said. “The number of people who actually execute a conversion is even lower.”

    The benefit of Roth conversions

    Roth conversions shift pretax or nondeductible IRA funds to a Roth IRA, which can jump-start tax-free growth. The trade-off is paying regular income taxes on the converted balance.
    With Trump’s 2017 tax cuts scheduled to expire after 2025, including lower federal income tax brackets, some advisors have accelerated Roth conversions for their clients to leverage the lower tax rates through 2025.

    However, Trump has vowed to extend his 2017 tax breaks, which would keep lower tax brackets intact. That plan could be easier if Republicans control the White House, Senate and House of Representatives.
    Even without tax increases from Congress, experts said, Roth conversions can reduce long-term taxes on your portfolio, particularly for older workers and retirees with sizable pretax balances.
    However, whether Roth conversions make sense depends on your “unique financial situation,” Assaf said.

    Filling up tax brackets

    Advisors often complete Roth conversions in lower-income years, such as early retirement before claiming Social Security benefits or taking required minimum distributions. The strategy can minimize the upfront tax bill while reducing your pretax balance.
    Currently, you may consider “filling up the 12% and 24% tax brackets” with income triggered by a Roth conversion because there’s a big jump to the next tier, Sestok said.

    However, it’s important to run a complete tax projection, including all other sources of income, before executing the strategy, tax experts say.
    Each bracket is based on “taxable income,” which you calculate by subtracting the greater of the standard or itemized deductions from your adjusted gross income. The taxable income thresholds will increase in 2025. More

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    Here’s why ETFs often have lower fees than mutual funds

    ETF Strategist

    ETF Street
    ETF Strategist

    Exchange-traded funds tend to have lower fees relative to mutual funds, according to investment experts.
    Fees are one of the few factors that people can control with investing.
    ETFs don’t always win on fees, experts said. There are also cheap mutual funds available, largely index funds.

    Businessperson reviewing pie charts and data analysis documents in an office setting.
    Freshsplash | E+ | Getty Images

    The trend is clear: Investors continue to seek out lower fees for investment funds.
    The mass migration to cheaper funds has been a key driver of falling costs, according to Zachary Evens, a manager research analyst for Morningstar.  

    Average annual fund fees have more than halved in the past two decades, to 0.36% in 2023 from 0.87% in 2004, Evens wrote.
    And when it comes to fees, exchange-traded funds often beat their mutual-fund counterparts, experts said.  
    The average ETF carries a 0.51% annual management fee, about half the 1.01% fee of the average mutual fund, according to Morningstar data.

    More from ETF Strategist

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    Some experts say comparing average ETF fees to those of mutual funds isn’t quite fair, because most ETFs have historically been index funds, not actively managed funds. Index funds are generally cheaper than active ones, which employ stock-picking tactics to try and beat the market; that means average ETF fees are naturally lower, experts said.
    However, there’s a similar fee dynamic when comparing on a more apples-to-apples basis.

    To that point, index ETFs have a 0.44% average annual fee, half the 0.88% fee for index mutual funds, according to Morningstar. Similarly, active ETFs carry a 0.63% average fee, versus 1.02% for actively managed mutual funds, Morningstar data show.
    Investors pay this fee — a percentage of their fund holdings — each year. Asset managers pull it directly from client accounts.
    “There are so many things you can’t control in investing,” said Michael McClary, chief investment officer at Valmark Financial Group. “The one thing you can control is fees.”
    “I think it’s one of the key things people should care about,” he said.

    ‘Cheap mutual funds also exist’

    ETFs and mutual funds are similar. They’re both baskets of stocks and bonds overseen by professional money managers, and offer ways to diversify your investments and access a wide range of markets.
    ETFs are newer. The first U.S. ETF — the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY), an index fund tracking the S&P 500 stock index — debuted in 1993.
    Mutual funds hold more than $20 trillion, about double the assets in ETFs. But ETFs have steadily increased their market share as investor preferences have changed.
    While ETFs tend to be cheaper, on average, that’s not to say mutual funds are always more expensive.
    “Cheap mutual funds also exist,” said Bryan Armour, director of passive strategies research for North America and editor of the ETFInvestor newsletter at Morningstar.

    For example, some index mutual funds, like those that track “major” indexes such as the S&P 500, have competitive fees relative to similar ETFs, Armour said.
    “It’s really just the core indexes where mutual funds compete more directly with ETFs on fees,” Armour said. “Other than that, I’d say ETFs are, generally speaking, cheaper.”
    And, fees for newly issued mutual funds are declining while those of new ETFs are increasing, data shows.
    The “fee gap” between newly launched mutual funds and ETFs shrank by 71% in the last decade, from 0.67% to 0.19%, according to Evens of Morningstar.
    That’s largely due to “the emergence of active and alternative ETF strategies, which tend to be pricier than broad index strategies,” he said. More

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    Goldman Sachs: Why individual investors need to look at private investments to further grow wealth

    Alistair Berg | Digitalvision | Getty Images

    In the past decade, private investments exploded from $4 trillion to $14 trillion. Primarily led by institutional capital, investors poured money into private markets in their search for differentiated returns and alpha generation. This makes sense as alternative investments have consistently outperformed global public markets on 10-, 15-, and 20-year time horizons.
    Now, the investor base is expanding to individuals. Bain estimates that assets under management in alternatives from individuals has risen to around $4 trillion and projects potential growth to $12 trillion in the next decade, a rapid expansion. Adding alternatives to portfolios requires careful consideration and we believe most individuals will opt to work with experienced advisors in that process.

    Interested individuals should focus on three big themes in alternatives investing: the longer-term time horizons; sizing investments in amounts that effectively can be put aside; and diversification, across a portfolio and within alternative sleeves. This applies to individuals across wealth categories as new open-end funds expand access for high-net-worth investors.
    For more than 20 years, I have been working with ultra-high-net-worth clients focused on growing and preserving their capital by investing in alternatives. We believe private market investments can help clients with the appropriate risk profile build a diversified portfolio. With recent product innovations, the most immediate opportunities will be for investors at higher wealth levels, but those opportunities continue to expand.
    As more companies stay private for longer, a portfolio limited to public companies inevitably will miss market opportunities. The universe of U.S. public companies has declined 43% since 1996, while the number of US private equity (PE) backed companies has increased five-fold since 2000. Fewer than 15% of companies with revenues over $100 million are public.
    This means individual investors have narrower exposure to growing businesses in the broad economy by investing solely in public markets. We believe this trend of companies choosing to stay private is expected to continue, owing to greater control and flexibility, lower regulatory reporting requirements, and better access to capital.
    While private markets offer advantages of broader economic exposure, diversification and alpha generation, it is important to understand their differences from public markets.

    Private markets require longer-term capital commitments. This necessitates careful selection of investment vehicles and precise allocation sizing. They are also less efficient than public markets. We stress the value of committing to managers who maintain consistent strategies and methodologies, and who have proven track records of outperforming public markets over time.
    Our advice to clients has been, and remains to be, to spread their investments across a variety of alternative asset classes, managers, and funds. For years we have built alternative portfolios for ultra-high net worth clients who can tolerate illiquidity, often in the 20-30% range of overall holdings. High-net-worth investors might look at half of that (10-15%) as a potential target.
    We advise clients in traditional closed-end funds to invest through consistent allocations across multiple strategies over time. Sizes should be similar each year. Being consistent and persistent can enhance diversification over “vintage years.”
    The introduction of innovative open-end investment vehicles has simplified the investment process for investors across wealth brackets. Unlike traditional closed-end methods involving capital calls and drawdowns, these new vehicles require full capital upfront. Minimums in open-end funds can be significantly lower than traditional closed-end strategies, allowing high-net-worth investors to diversify across fund categories and managers as they grow their alternative exposure.
    While they offer a degree of liquidity, individual investors must understand that these vehicles are not truly liquid. In favorable market conditions, when the funds are performing well and attracting more investments, open-end products will allow redemptions, usually on a quarterly basis. However, when a large number of investors wish to withdraw their investments simultaneously, it should be assumed that full liquidity will not be available and account redemption may not be possible.
    Individuals should only make commitments in amounts they can afford to have tied up and treat these open-end funds as if they were conventional alternative investments – largely illiquid.
    Many newer open-end funds do not yet have significant performance track records, not having been through full cycles, but their managers can have long track records in other structures and strategies. Investors can judge by their resources: how strong are their teams? What are their competitive advantages?
    In private credit, it may be sourcing or top-quality credit selection. In other asset classes, such as private equity, top managers may be good at driving company growth organically, fixing problems, and helping companies create operational efficiencies.
    Yet it can be hard for individuals to judge all of this. We suggest they work with financial advisors who have access to wealth platforms with proven alternatives managers. With the ability and resources to monitor multiple managers, they can help investors with diversification.
    Over time, more opportunities for investors at different wealth levels could increase as retirement providers look to make alternatives available in plans that naturally have long time horizons. As companies stay private for longer, investors seek alpha generation, and the emphasis on portfolio diversification grows, opportunities and access to alternative investments should only continue to expand for individual investors. More

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    Yields on cash are still ‘well ahead of inflation,’ expert says. Here’s where to put your money now

    FA Playbook

    Investors are now able to access returns on cash that beat inflation.
    That will likely continue for a while, even as the Federal Reserve announced a new interest rate cut.
    Here’s what experts say you should consider when deciding where to put your money now.

    Nopphon Pattanasri | Istock | Getty Images

    Investors have been able to get the best returns on cash, as the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to bring down the pace of inflation.
    Now that the central bank is lowering rates — with a new quarter point rate cut announced by the Fed on Thursday — experts say having money in cash can still be a competitive strategy.

    “The best yields, whether we’re looking at high yield savings accounts, money markets or CDs [certificates of deposit] are well ahead of inflation, and that’s likely to continue for a while,” said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at Bankrate.
    “Rates are coming down, but cash is still a pretty good place to be,” he said.
    Yet just how much cash to set aside is a question every individual investor needs to determine.
    Earlier this year, Callie Cox, chief market strategist at Ritholtz Wealth Management, warned investors may be holding too much cash. That may still be true today, she said Thursday.
    “If you’re sitting in cash because the environment doesn’t feel right, then that’s probably not a good reason to be sitting in cash,” Cox said.

    Strive for at least a six-month emergency fund

    Most financial advisors recommend having cash set aside so that unexpected expenses don’t blow your budget or cause you to rack up credit card debt.
    “The rule of thumb is six months of really necessary expenses,” said Natalie Colley, a certified financial planner and partner and senior lead advisor at Francis Financial in New York.
    However, having a year’s worth of expenses set aside may also be reasonable, depending on your household budget, she said.
    If your savings are not yet at that six-month or one-year mark, start with a goal of setting aside three months’ expenses and then keep building your cash, Colley said.
    If you’re behind on emergency savings, you’re not alone.
    Almost two-thirds — 62% — of Americans feel behind on emergency savings, a September Bankrate survey found. For many individuals, inflation and having too many expenses has made finding cash to set aside more difficult.

    Pay attention to asset allocation

    Savers may be at risk of missing out on today’s higher rates if they have not moved their savings to a high-yield online savings or other account paying a more competitive yield.
    Yet even if they’re accessing those higher interest rates on cash, investors may still be missing out.
    Whether or not that’s true for investors comes down to a person’s time horizon, experts say.
    For longer-term goals, stocks pay the best returns on your money, and can best help ensure you have the money you need for your intended milestones.
    “Stocks move higher over time,” Cox said. “If you let your emotions get in the way, you could miss out on a rally that’s crucial to you meeting your financial goals.”
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    If you have cash on the sidelines that you want to put into the market, it can make sense to add a fixed portion of that money over time, say every month — a strategy called dollar-cost averaging, Colley said.
    Having that fixed schedule can help you avoid trying to time the market, which can be difficult to do effectively, she said. Importantly, investors should try to opt for broadly diversified funds rather than individual stocks.
    Having a long-term view can pay off.
    If you had invested all of your money before the financial crisis, it would have felt like the worst timing in the entire world, Colley said.
    Now, your returns look great, provided you let that money grow for the 15-year run, she said.

    Revise your cash strategy as conditions shift

    To be sure, there are risks that investors need to keep tabs on when it comes to their cash and other investments.
    “Rates are going to come down slower than they went up — much slower,” McBride said.
    Consequently, cash investors may enjoy returns that have the potential to outpace inflation for longer, he said.
    Still, there are risks for savers to watch.
    The policies put in place under the next presidential administration may affect both inflation and interest rates, Cox said.
    “If inflation picks back up, it could be hard to earn a beatable yield in cash,” Cox said.
    In that case, stocks may provide a better way to beat inflation, though there are no guarantees on prospective returns, she said.
    Regardless of whether investors opt for cash or stocks, they need to be asking themselves why they’re making those choices and what they need that money for, she said. More

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    Friday’s big stock stories: What’s likely to move the market in the next trading session

    Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the morning trading on November 07, 2024 in New York City. 
    Michael M. Santiago | Getty Images

    Stocks @ Night is a daily newsletter delivered after hours, giving you a first look at tomorrow and last look at today. Sign up for free to receive it directly in your inbox.
    Here’s what CNBC TV’s producers were watching as the Nasdaq Composite and S&P 500 extended their postelection rally, and what’s on the radar for the next session.

    Citigroup’s Jane Fraser

    On Friday, the bank’s CEO will be on with CNBC TV’s Sara Eisen in the 10 a.m. hour, Eastern.
    Citigroup is up nearly 7% in four days. The stock is up 32% so far in 2024.
    The stock hit a high on Wednesday but is already 2.8% from that high mark.
    JPMorgan Chase, by the way, got a downgrade from Baird. Analyst David George thinks the stock will drop to $200, a roughly 15% decline from Thursday’s close. Year to date, JPM is up about 39%. The stock also hit a high Wednesday but dropped 4.7% from that level. 
    “We find that expectations are quite high, with the stock trading at ~2.6x [tangible book value], 15% cap to assets, over 14x 2026 [earnings per share] estimates, and ~10x [pre-provision net revenue] — all close or at all-time highs,” Baird’s George wrote in his research report on JPM. “We know we are fighting the tape here, but believe it makes sense to sell the stock.” 

    Stock chart icon

    Citigroup shares in 2024

    IBM

    Arvind Krishna, CEO of the tech giant, is also on with Sara Eisen in the 10 a.m. hour.
    The stock is 10% from the mid-October high.
    IBM is up about 31% so far in 2024.

    Bonds and beyond

    Stock chart icon

    The U.S. 10-year Treasury yield in 2024

    NRG Energy

    The company releases its quarterly report Friday before the bell.
    The stock was up 4.3% on Thursday, hitting a new high.
    NRG is now up 86% so far in 2024.

    Big moves

    The relative strength index, or RSI, is one metric traders and investors watch to track how fast and far a stock has moved. Anything above a 70 suggests a stock is overbought, while a result that’s below 30 could mean it’s oversold. These readings don’t necessarily guarantee that a big move is imminent.
    After this recent run, 22 of the stocks in the Nasdaq 100 are in the overbought category.
    Booking Holdings is at the top of the list. The stock is up 3.6% week to date and up 18% in a month.
    Gilead Sciences is second. That stock Is up 9.4% in four days, and it’s gained about 16% in a month.
    Five of the 30 stocks in the Dow Industrials are seen as overbought. Goldman Sachs is tops, followed by Visa. 
    Goldman Sachs is up 12% in four days. Shares are up roughly 18% in a month.
    Visa is up 5.2% in four days. Shares are up 11.7% in a month. More

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    The Federal Reserve cuts interest rates by a quarter point after election. Here’s what that means for you

    The Federal Reserve cut its benchmark rate by a quarter point, or 25 basis points, at the end of its two-day meeting.
    Economic anxiety was a prevailing mood heading into the U.S. presidential election. Lower borrowing costs may offer some relief to struggling Americans.

    The Federal Reserve Building in Washington, D.C.
    Joshua Roberts | Reuters

    The Federal Reserve announced Thursday that it will lower its benchmark rate by a quarter point, or 25 basis points, less than two days after President-elect Donald Trump won the 2024 election.
    Economic uncertainty was a prevailing mood heading into Election Day after a prolonged period of high inflation left many Americans struggling to afford the cost of living.

    But recent economic data indicates that inflation has been falling back toward the Fed’s 2% target, which paved the way for the central bank to trim rates this fall. Thursday’s cut is the second, following a half-point reduction Sept. 18.
    The federal funds rate sets overnight borrowing costs for banks but also influences consumer borrowing costs.
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    Since the central bank last met, the personal consumption expenditures price index — the Fed’s preferred inflation gauge — showed a rise of just 2.1% year over year. 
    Even though the central bank operates independently of the White House, Trump has been lobbying for the Fed to bring rates down.

    For consumers struggling under the weight of high borrowing costs after a string of 11 rate increases between March 2022 and July 2023, this move comes as good news — although it may still be a while before lower rates noticeably affect household budgets.
    “The Fed raised rates from the equivalent of the ground floor to the 53rd floor of a skyscraper, now they are on the 47th floor and another rate cut will take us to the 45th floor — the view is not a whole lot different,” said Greg McBride, chief financial analyst at Bankrate.com.
    From credit cards and mortgage rates to auto loans and savings accounts, here’s a look at how a Fed rate cut could begin to affect your finances in the months ahead.

    Credit cards

    Since most credit cards have a variable rate, there’s a direct connection to the Fed’s benchmark. Because of the central bank’s rate hike cycle, the average credit card rate rose from 16.34% in March 2022 to more than 20% today — near an all-time high.
    Annual percentage rates have already started to come down with the Fed’s first rate cut, but not by much.
    “Still, these are sky-high rates,” said Matt Schulz, LendingTree’s credit analyst. “While they’ll almost certainly continue to fall in coming months, no one should expect dramatically reduced credit card bills anytime soon.”
    Rather than wait for small APR adjustments in the months ahead, the best move for those with credit card debt is to shop around for a better rate, ask your issuer for a lower rate on your current card or snag a 0% balance transfer offer, he said.
    “Another rate cut doesn’t change the fact that the best thing people can do to lower interest rates is to take matters into their own hands,” he said.
    On the campaign trail, Trump proposed capping credit card interest rates at 10%, but that type of measure would also have to get through Congress and survive challenges from the banking industry.

    Auto loans

    Even though auto loans are fixed, higher vehicle prices and high borrowing costs have become “increasingly difficult to manage,” according to Jessica Caldwell, Edmunds’ head of insights.
    “Amid this economic strain, it’s clear that President Trump’s promises of financial relief resonated with voters across the country,” she said.
    The average rate on a five-year new car loan is now around 7%, up from 4% when the Fed started raising rates, according to Edmunds. However, rate cuts from the Fed will take some of the edge off the rising cost of financing a car — likely bringing rates below 7% — helped in part by competition between lenders and more incentives in the market.
    “As Americans seek a reprieve from the relentless pressures on their wallets, even a modest federal rate cut would be seen as a positive step in the right direction,” Caldwell said.
    Trump has supported making the interest paid on car loans fully tax deductible, which would also have to go through Congress.

    Mortgage rates

    Housing affordability has been a major issue due in part to a sharp rise in mortgage rates since the pandemic.
    Trump has said he’ll bring down mortgage rates — even though 15- and 30-year mortgage rates are fixed, and tied to Treasury yields and the economy. Trump’s victory even spurred a rise in the U.S. 10-year Treasury yield, sending mortgage rates higher.
    Cuts in the Fed’s target interest rate could, however, provide some downward pressure.
    “Continued rate cuts could begin to drive down mortgage rates, which have remained stubbornly high,” said Michele Raneri, vice president of U.S. research and consulting at TransUnion. As of the week ending Nov. 1, the average rate for a 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage is 6.81%, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.
    Mortgage rates are unlikely to fall significantly, given the current climate, said Jacob Channel, senior economist at LendingTree.
    “As long as investors remain worried about what the future may bring, Treasury yields, and, by extension, mortgage rates are going to have a tough time falling and staying down,” Channel said.

    Student loans

    Student loan borrowers will get less relief from rate cuts. Federal student loan rates are fixed, so most borrowers won’t be immediately affected. With Trump’s win, efforts to forgive student debt are now likely off the table.
    However, if you have a private loan, those loans may be fixed or have a variable rate tied to the Treasury bill or other rates. As the Fed cuts interest rates, the rates on those private student loans will come down over a one- or three-month period, depending on the benchmark, according to higher education expert Mark Kantrowitz.
    Still, a quarter-point cut will only reduce monthly payments on variable-rate loans by “about $1 to $1.25 a month for each $10,000 in debt,” Kantrowitz said.
    Eventually, borrowers with existing variable-rate private student loans may be able to refinance into a less expensive fixed-rate loan, he said. But refinancing a federal loan into a private student loan will forgo the safety nets that come with federal loans, such as deferments, forbearances, income-driven repayment, and loan forgiveness and discharge options.
    Additionally, extending the term of the loan means you ultimately will pay more interest on the balance.

    Savings rates

    While the central bank has no direct influence on deposit rates, the yields tend to be correlated to changes in the target federal funds rate.
    As a result of Fed rate hikes, top-yielding online savings account rates have made significant moves and are still paying more than 5% — the most savers have been able to earn in nearly two decades — up from around 1% in 2022, according to Bankrate.
    “Yes, interest earnings on savings accounts, money markets, and certificates of deposit will come down, but the most competitive yields still handily outpace inflation,” McBride said.
    One-year CDs are now averaging 1.76% but top-yielding CD rates pay more than 4.5%, according to Bankrate, nearly as good as a high-yield savings account.
    Subscribe to CNBC on YouTube. More

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    Capital gains tax hikes ‘entirely off the table’ under President-elect Trump, Republican Congress, economist says

    FA Playbook

    Vice President Kamala Harris proposed higher long-term capital gains tax rates for top earners during the campaign.
    But capital gains tax increases won’t happen under President-elect Donald Trump and a Republican-controlled Congress, policy economists say.
    Republicans secured control of the Senate on Tuesday and could maintain a narrow majority in the House of Representatives.

    Former U.S. President and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump speaks during an election night event at the West Palm Beach Convention Center on Nov. 6, 2024.
    Jim Watson | Afp | Getty Images

    President-elect Donald Trump’s victory means higher individual taxes, including levies on investments, are less likely for top earners, experts say.
    Vice President Kamala Harris proposed higher long-term capital gains tax rates during her campaign — raising the top rate to 28% from 20% — for those making more than $1 million annually. Long-term capital gains rates apply to assets owned for more than one year.

    Harris’ plan veered from President Joe Biden’s 2025 fiscal year budget, which called for 39.6% long-term capital gains taxes on the same top earners. 
    Higher capital gains tax rates, however, are “entirely off the table,” under a Trump presidency and Republican-controlled Congress, said Erica York, senior economist and research manager with the Tax Foundation’s Center for Federal Tax Policy. 

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    Here’s a look at other stories impacting the financial advisor business.

    Republicans secured control of the Senate on Tuesday and could maintain a narrow majority in the House of Representatives, which creates a “trifecta” in the White House and both chambers of Congress.
    Even with partial Republican control, “it’s most likely that capital gains tax policy just stays put where it is,” York explained.
    For 2024, investors pay long-term capital gains rates of 0%, 15% or 20%, depending on taxable income. Assets owned for one year or less are subject to regular income taxes.

    You calculate taxable income by subtracting the greater of the standard or itemized deductions from your adjusted gross income. The taxable income thresholds will increase in 2025.

    Changes to ‘net investment income tax’

    Higher earners also pay the net investment income tax, or NIIT, of 3.8% on capital gains, interest, dividends, rents and more once modified adjusted gross income exceeds certain thresholds.
    The MAGI limits for NIIT are $200,000 for single filers and $250,000 for married couples filing together and don’t adjust for inflation. Combined with long-term capital gains taxes, higher earners currently pay up to 23.8% on investments.
    “Republicans may try to get rid of the net investment income tax,” said Howard Gleckman, a senior fellow at the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center.
    But “that’s a big item” that could add significantly to the federal budget deficit, he said.
    The deficit topped $1.8 trillion in fiscal 2024.   More

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    Will you have a lower tax rate in retirement? Maybe not, financial advisors say

    FA Playbook

    Most people will have a lower tax rate in retirement versus their working years, according to financial advisors and researchers.
    However, some retirees won’t be as lucky due to factors like large required minimum distributions from 401(k) plans and individual retirement accounts, advisors said. Others may withdraw more taxable income to fund a “period of jubilation.”
    Considering tax rates can be important for a long-term financial plan.

    Laylabird | E+ | Getty Images

    Most Americans will have a lower tax burden in retirement than during their working years.
    However, that may not be the case for some retirees, especially for higher earners and big savers, which could have a significant impact on their financial plans, according to financial advisors.

    “Substantial evidence” suggests retirees have lower tax rates than during their working years, according to a 2024 paper published by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College.
    There are a few general reasons for this, according to a joint 2017 research paper by the Internal Revenue Service and Investment Company Institute: People who leave the workforce no longer pay payroll taxes. Their household income often drops, generally meaning less income is taxed. And Social Security recipients only pay tax on a portion of their benefits.

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    The “overwhelming majority” of people will have a lower tax rate in retirement, “hands down,” said Jeffrey Levine, a certified financial planner and certified public accountant based in St. Louis and chief planning officer at Buckingham Wealth Partners.
    But that’s not always the case.

    Required minimum distributions may be large

    Those who’ve built up a sizable nest egg, perhaps with disciplined saving in a 401(k) plan or individual retirement accounts, may have large required minimum distributions, Levine said.

    For example, the IRS requires that older investors take minimum withdrawals annually from “traditional” (i.e., pre-tax) retirement accounts when they reach a certain age. (It’s age 73 for those who turned 72 after Dec. 31, 2022.)
    The total amount is based on an IRS formula. A bigger nest egg generally corresponds to a larger RMD.
    This matters because RMDs from pre-tax accounts add to a household’s taxable income, thereby raising its total tax bill. By contrast, distributions from Roth accounts aren’t taxable, with some exceptions.
    Investors held $11.4 trillion in traditional IRAs in 2023, about eight times more than the $1.4 trillion in Roth IRAs, according to the Investment Company Institute.
    Additionally, investors who inherited a retirement account, perhaps from a parent, may have to empty the account within 10 years of the owner’s death, Levine said. Such withdrawals from a pre-tax account would further add to taxable income.  

    Retirees may not want to shrink their lifestyle

    Aside from required withdrawals, big savers may choose to pull ample sums from their accounts to fund their retirement lifestyles, said Ted Jenkin, a certified financial planner based in Atlanta and the founder of oXYGen Financial.
    In such cases, their taxable income may exceed that of their working years, said Jenkin, a member of the CNBC Financial Advisor Council.

    “Most clients we sit down with today don’t want to see a diminished amount of income when they retire,” Jenkin said. “They still want to take the same level of trips, level of going out to concerts and dining, taking care of grandchildren, and many are still carrying a mortgage into retirement.”
    In the first three to five years of retirement, Jenkin actually finds clients generally spend more than they do during their working years due to what he calls “a period of jubilation.”
    “A lot of people just don’t want to shrink their lifestyle,” he said.

    Consider your income tax assumptions

    Investors should consider the income-tax assumptions they’re making for retirement — or ask their financial advisor what tax assumptions they’re making in clients’ financial plan, Jenkin said.
    Such assumptions could have a big financial impact, akin to the difference between using a 3% versus 4% average inflation rate when modeling the relative success of a long-term financial plan, he said.
    He advocates for planning conservatively. Planning for a tax rate that’s too low may raise the risk of running out of money in retirement, he explained.
    “You always have to plan everything on an after-tax basis,” Jenkin said.
    Of course, it’s impossible to determine future tax rates.
    Congress may change the tax code, for example. To that point, there’s tax fight looming next year that could impact things like the size of the standard deduction and marginal income-tax rates.
    That said, even if Congress were to increase the marginal income-tax brackets in the future, most retirees would likely still see their “personal tax rates” fall versus their working years, Levine said. More